In the teachings of the Gautama Buddha, there are two main types of meditation: Samadha (calm and concentration) and Vipassana (insight and wisdom).

Samādha meditation is the practice of developing a steady, calm, and deeply focused mind. Through sustained attention on a chosen object, the mind becomes stable and free from distraction, leading to deep states of concentration (jhāna). Before his enlightenment, the Buddha practiced these deep states under renowned teachers such as Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta, mastering even the highest levels of concentration. However, he realized that this practice did not lead to enlightenment, as it only temporarily calms the mind without removing its deeper impurities.

After understanding the limitations of concentration, the Gautama Buddha discovered Vipassanā—the practice of observing and understanding reality as it truly is through direct experience. This is an ancient path rediscovered by the Buddha himself, a path that had disappeared over time. It is said that many Buddhas in the past also attained full enlightenment through this same path. At the time of the Buddha, this technique was not known or taught by other masters, making it a unique and profound discovery. Through Vipassanā, one develops deep insight, gradually removes ignorance and mental impurities, and purifies the mind. With this purification, a natural and lasting peace arises within, leading toward true liberation.

For meditation to develop properly, the Gautama Buddha emphasized the importance of living with moral discipline (sila) through the Five Precepts:

• Refrain from killing
• Refrain from stealing
• Refrain from sexual misconduct
• Refrain from false speech
• Refrain from intoxicants

These precepts are essential because they protect the mind from disturbance. When one lives ethically, the mind becomes free from guilt, fear, and agitation, making it easier to develop concentration and insight. Without this foundation, the mind remains restless and unsettled, hindering progress in meditation. Thus, the Five Precepts create the necessary inner stability and clarity for deeper practice.

Mindfulness is the continuous awareness and attentive observation of one's experience in the present moment. It plays a central role in meditation by helping one remain alert, clear, and balanced.

Through mindfulness, one develops the ability to observe without reaction, leading to better understanding and wisdom. It supports both Samadhi and Vipassana, ensuring that the mind does not drift into distraction but stays grounded in direct experience. Over time, strong mindfulness deepens insight, strengthens clarity, and supports the ongoing purification of the mind.

At the end of the day, practicing wise reflection (yoniso manasikara) supports progress on the path. One reflects on actions, speech, and thoughts, recognizing what was wholesome and what was unwholesome, and understanding moments of awareness or distraction. This reflection is done with honesty and without judgment, allowing one to learn and gradually improve. By consistently practicing wise reflection, mindfulness becomes stronger, understanding deepens, and the mind becomes more refined, supporting continued growth in meditation and purification of the mind.